{"id":38,"date":"2016-04-16T22:51:05","date_gmt":"2016-04-16T22:51:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bakteria.org\/N3WZ\/?p=38"},"modified":"2016-06-28T22:56:06","modified_gmt":"2016-06-28T22:56:06","slug":"el-prin-cipio-de-la-forma-3volucion-muta-cion-scienti-sts-un-veil-n3w-tr33-of-li-feee","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bakteria.org\/N3WZ\/el-prin-cipio-de-la-forma-3volucion-muta-cion-scienti-sts-un-veil-n3w-tr33-of-li-feee\/","title":{"rendered":"El Prin-CiP\u00ee\u00f6 de La F\u00f6RMa ((( 3V\u00f4L\u00fbC\u00ee\u00f4N-Muta-C\u00ee\u00f6N ))) Sci:EnTi-StS un.VeiL :N3W Tr33 Of Li.Feee"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"11TREEOFLIFE-superJumbo\"<\/h3>\n

SoUr_Ce : \u00a0NYTIMES<\/a><\/h3>\n

SCIENCE<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n

Scientists Unveil New \u2018Tree of Life\u2019<\/h1>\n
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By CARL ZIMMER<\/span><\/span>

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A team of scientists unveiled a new tree of life on Monday, a diagram outlining the evolution of all living things. The researchers found that bacteria make up most of life\u2019s branches. And they found that much of that diversity has been waiting in plain sight to be discovered, dwelling in river mud and meadow soils.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt is a momentous discovery \u2014 an entire continent of life-forms,\u201d said Eugene V. Koonin of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, who was not involved in the study.<\/p>\n

The study was published<\/a> in the journal Nature Microbiology.<\/p>\n

In his 1859 book \u201cOn the Origin of Species,\u201d Charles Darwin envisioned evolution like a branching tree. The \u201cgreat Tree of Life,\u201d he said, \u201cfills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ever since, biologists have sought to draw the tree of life. The invention of DNA sequencing revolutionized that project, because scientists could find the relationship among species encoded in their genes.<\/p>\n

In the 1970s, Carl Woese of the University of Illinois and his colleagues published the first \u201cuniversal tree of life\u201d based on this approach. They presented the tree as three great trunks.<\/p>\n

Our own trunk, known as eukaryotes, includes animals, plants, fungi and protozoans. A second trunk included many familiar bacteria like Escherichia coli.<\/p>\n

The third trunk that Woese and his colleagues identified included little-known microbes that live in extreme places<\/a> like hot springs and oxygen-free wetlands. Woese and his colleagues called this third trunk Archaea.<\/p>\n

Photo<\/span><\/p>\n
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The new tree of life that researchers published on Monday. It shows that much of Earth\u2019s biodiversity is bacteria, top, half of which includes \u201ccandidate phyla radiation\u201d that are still waiting to be discovered. Humans are in the bottom branch of eukaryotes.<\/span>Credit<\/span>Jill Banfield\/UC Berkeley, Laura Hug\/University of Waterloo<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Scientists who wanted to add new species to this tree of life have faced a daunting challenge: They do not know how to grow the vast majority of single-celled organisms in their laboratories.<\/p>\n

A number of researchers have developed a way to get around that. They simply pull pieces of DNA out of the environment and piece them together.<\/p>\n

In recent years, Jillian F. Banfield of the University of California, Berkeley and her colleagues have been gathering DNA from many environments, like California meadows and deep sea vents. They have been assembling the genomes of hundreds of new microbial species.<\/p>\n

The scientists were so busy reconstructing the new genomes that they did not know how these species might fit on the tree of life. \u201cWe never really put the whole thing together,\u201d Dr. Banfield said.<\/p>\n

Recently, Dr. Banfield and her colleagues decided it was time to redraw the tree.<\/p>\n

They selected more than 3,000 species to study, bringing together a representative sample of life\u2019s diversity. \u201cWe wanted to be as comprehensive as possible,\u201d said Laura A. Hug, an author of the new study and a biologist at the University of Waterloo in Canada.<\/p>\n

The researchers studied DNA from 2,072 known species, along with the DNA from 1,011 species newly discovered by Dr. Banfield and her colleagues.<\/p>\n

The scientists needed a supercomputer to evaluate a vast number of possible trees. Eventually, they found one best supported by the evidence.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s a humbling thing to behold. All the eukaryotes, from humans to flowers to amoebae, fit on a slender twig. The new study supported previous findings that eukaryotes and archaea are closely related. But overshadowing those lineages is a sprawling menagerie of bacteria.<\/p>\n

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Remarkably, the scientists didn\u2019t have to go to extreme places to find many of their new lineages. \u201cMeadow soil is one of the most microbially complex environments on the planet,\u201d Dr. Hug said.<\/p>\n

Another new feature of the tree is a single, large branch that splits off near the base. The bacteria in this group tend to be small in size and have a simple metabolism.<\/p>\n

Dr. Banfield speculated that they got their start as simple life-forms in the first chapters in the history of life. They have stuck with that winning formula ever since.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis is maybe an early evolving group,\u201d Dr. Banfield said. \u201cTheir advantage is just being around for a really long time.\u201d<\/p>\n

Brian P. Hedlund, a microbiologist at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas who was not involved in the new study, said that one of the most striking results of the study was that the tree of life was dominated by species that scientists have never been able to see or grow in their labs. \u201cMost of life is hiding under our noses,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Patrick Forterre, an evolutionary biologist at the Pasteur Institute in France, agreed that bacteria probably make up much of life\u2019s diversity. But he had concerns about how Dr. Banfield and her colleague built their tree. He argued that genomes assembled from DNA fragments could actually be chimeras, made up of genes from different species. \u201cIt\u2019s a real problem,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Dr. Banfield predicted that the bacterial branches of the tree of life may not change much in years to come. \u201cWe\u2019re starting to see the same things over and over again,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

Instead, Dr. Banfield said she expected new branches to be discovered for eukaryotes, especially for tiny species such as microscopic fungi. \u201cThat\u2019s where I think the next big advance might be found,\u201d Dr. Banfield said.<\/p>\n

Dr. Hug disagreed that scientists were done with bacteria. \u201cI\u2019m less convinced we\u2019re hitting a plateau,\u201d she said. \u201cThere are a lot of environments still to survey.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Correction: April 18, 2016 <\/strong>
\nA picture caption on Tuesday with an article about a new tree of life published by scientists referred incorrectly to Methanosarcina, the organism shown. It belongs to the domain archaea, not bacteria.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

SoUr_Ce : \u00a0NYTIMES SCIENCE Scientists Unveil New \u2018Tree of Life\u2019 By CARL ZIMMERAPRIL 11, 2016 A team of scientists unveiled a new tree of life on Monday, a diagram outlining the evolution of all living things. The researchers found that bacteria make up most of life\u2019s branches. And they found that much of that diversity … Continue reading “El Prin-CiP\u00ee\u00f6 de La F\u00f6RMa ((( 3V\u00f4L\u00fbC\u00ee\u00f4N-Muta-C\u00ee\u00f6N ))) Sci:EnTi-StS un.VeiL :N3W Tr33 Of Li.Feee”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nEl Prin-CiP\u00ee\u00f6 de La F\u00f6RMa ((( 3V\u00f4L\u00fbC\u00ee\u00f4N-Muta-C\u00ee\u00f6N ))) Sci:EnTi-StS un.VeiL :N3W Tr33 Of Li.Feee - N3WZ bakteria.org<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bakteria.org\/N3WZ\/el-prin-cipio-de-la-forma-3volucion-muta-cion-scienti-sts-un-veil-n3w-tr33-of-li-feee\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"El Prin-CiP\u00ee\u00f6 de La F\u00f6RMa ((( 3V\u00f4L\u00fbC\u00ee\u00f4N-Muta-C\u00ee\u00f6N ))) Sci:EnTi-StS un.VeiL :N3W Tr33 Of Li.Feee - N3WZ bakteria.org\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"SoUr_Ce : \u00a0NYTIMES SCIENCE Scientists Unveil New \u2018Tree of Life\u2019 By CARL ZIMMERAPRIL 11, 2016 A team of scientists unveiled a new tree of life on Monday, a diagram outlining the evolution of all living things. 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The researchers found that bacteria make up most of life\u2019s branches. 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